IGCSE Biology glossary
Fermenter
Biology editorial review is supported by the named review panel. Reviewer participation may vary by guide. Checked against Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 (2026–2028); last reviewed August 2026.
Definition
A large container (bioreactor) used for growing microorganisms on a large scale under controlled conditions. Fermenters have inputs for nutrients, air (if aerobic) and monitoring systems for temperature and pH. They are used to produce antibiotics, enzymes, single-cell protein and other biotechnology products.
What to include in an exam answer
Know the conditions controlled in a fermenter: temperature (water jacket), pH (buffers or acid/alkali addition), oxygen supply (sterile air for aerobic organisms), nutrient supply and aseptic conditions (to prevent contamination).
Example in context
Explain why the temperature in a fermenter must be carefully controlled (2 marks): If the temperature is too high, the enzymes in the microorganisms denature and the organisms die. If too low, the metabolic rate is slow and less product is made. The optimum temperature maximises growth and product yield.
Related syllabus topic
Biotechnology & genetic modification