IGCSE Biology glossary
Root hair cell
Biology editorial review is supported by the named review panel. Reviewer participation may vary by guide. Checked against Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 (2026–2028); last reviewed August 2026.
Definition
A specialised cell on the surface of a plant root that has a long, thin extension (the root hair) projecting into the soil. This greatly increases the surface area for absorption of water by osmosis and mineral ions by active transport.
What to include in an exam answer
In adaptation questions, state: large surface area (long root hair), thin cell wall (short diffusion distance), many mitochondria (for active transport of mineral ions), and no cuticle.
Example in context
Explain how root hair cells are adapted for absorbing water (3 marks): The long root hair provides a large surface area. The cell has no waxy cuticle, allowing water to enter easily. Water enters by osmosis because the cell sap has a lower water potential than the soil water.
Related syllabus topic
Transport in plants