IGCSE Biology glossary
Trachea
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Definition
The main airway (windpipe) leading from the throat to the bronchi. The trachea is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage that prevent it from collapsing, and is lined with ciliated epithelial cells and goblet cells that produce mucus to trap dust and pathogens.
What to include in an exam answer
Know the two adaptations of the trachea: cartilage rings (keep airway open) and ciliated epithelium with goblet cells (mucus traps particles, cilia sweep mucus up to the throat). This is the defence mechanism against inhaled pathogens.
Example in context
Explain how the trachea is adapted to protect the lungs from infection (3 marks): Goblet cells in the lining secrete mucus that traps dust, bacteria and other particles. Ciliated cells have tiny hair-like projections (cilia) that beat in a wave-like motion to sweep the mucus and trapped particles up towards the throat to be swallowed.
Related syllabus topic
Gas exchange in humans