IGCSE Biology glossary
Germination
Biology editorial review is supported by the named review panel. Reviewer participation may vary by guide. Checked against Cambridge IGCSE Biology 0610 (2026–2028); last reviewed August 2026.
Definition
The process by which a seed develops into a new plant. Germination requires water (to activate enzymes and soften the seed coat), oxygen (for aerobic respiration to release energy for growth) and a suitable temperature (for enzyme activity). Light is not always required initially.
What to include in an exam answer
The three conditions for germination are water, oxygen and warmth. Light is NOT needed for most seeds to germinate. In practical questions, describe how to set up a controlled experiment to investigate germination conditions.
Example in context
Explain why water is necessary for germination (2 marks): Water activates enzymes in the seed that catalyse the breakdown of food reserves (such as starch into glucose) to provide energy for growth. Water also softens the seed coat, allowing the radicle to emerge.
Related syllabus topic
Reproduction